Furthermore, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 created a rump Polish kingdom ruled de facto by Russia. It was divided between Russia, Prussia, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. But to understand this Polish Grand Strategy or psyche apropos the Intermarium, we must refer to its historical conception.īetween 17, Poland did not exist as an independent country. Although the Intermarium has morphed as a concept through several iterations of its erstwhile Commonwealth over the past century, at its core it refers to the loose federative grouping of states that are located “between the seas” ( Tycner, 2020), namely the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, that would sustain its security and its independence from both Russia and Germany. In fact, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at its height, was the largest and the most powerful of all European States – it was successful in stopping the ambitions of Ivan the Terrible, the Teutonic Knights and the Ottoman Empire. The Poles have long yearned for the return to their resplendent history that was manifestly prosperous, tolerant, democratic, and free. The Intermarium, or Międzymorze in Polish, is a geopolitical constructpopularised post WWI byJózef Piłsudski thatalludes to Poland’s glorious past – namely the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that lasted in different variations between 13. However, the current predicament that Poland finds itself in could be the cornerstone for the resurrection of its past geopolitical ambitions – namely the rebirth of the Intermarium. Sandwiched between Germany and Russia, and annexed by both countries in the past centuries, the Poles are once again in the frontline of this latest catastrophe – both humanitarian and geopolitical. As the conflict becomes more protracted with no end game in sight, a spillover of the looming Russian threat is a real possibility for many Poles today.įear and anxiety in the minds of Russia’s western frontier nations, especially Poland, are nothing novel. Its latest consternation arises from the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian conflict that has once again awakened memories of a dark and troubled past. The ParticleShop plug-in was released in conjunction with Corel’s updated Painter 2016, a new version of its flagship painting package.Poland is in a quagmire. It is compatible with Photoshop 5 and higher, Photoshop Elements 13, Corel Photo-Paint X7 and Corel PaintShop Pro X7. The plug-in for Mac and Windows, which comes in English and Japanese, is available for $49.99. Each additional brush pack features 15 unique brushes and costs $29.99 each. ParticleShop comes with a starter pack of 11 brushes, with 11 additional brush packs available to add on. The plugin is built to perform with a pressure-sensitive tablet, touchscreen or mouse. Targeted to photographers, graphic artists and illustrators, the plug-in features photorealistic effects and atmospheric enhancements for common photo elements like hair, fabric, fire, smoke, fur, dust, lighting and more. Strokes can be applied via a pressure-sensitive tablet, touchscreen or mouse. As the strokes flow, they can change path for movement that ranges from controlled to chaotic. Painter’s particle brush engine lets the plug-in emit short-lived particles that flow out from the center of the brushstroke across the canvas and then gradually fade if you hold the brush in place. The plug-in - the first in a series of five such packages for Photoshop - provide dynamically generated effects for your images so that brush strokes “spawn, live and die” as you apply them to your image. Corel has released ParticleShop, a new brush plug-in for Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom.
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